Press
Assignment
Name: Maheta Arati R.
Class: M.A.-2
Semester: 4th
Roll No: 2
Paper: 15 Mass Communication & Media Studies
Topic: Journalism:
Roll of Press
Guided by: Dr.
Dilip Barad
Batch: 2013-15
Year: 2014-15
What
is Journalism?
Journalism is
gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the
news to an audience. The word applies to both the method of inquiring for news
and the literary style which is used to disseminate it.
The media that Journalism
uses very diversely and include content published via newspaper and magazines
(print media) television and radio (broadcast) and their digital media version
like news websites and applications.
In contemporary time and in this modern
society the news media is the chief purveyor of information and opinion about
public affairs.
The role of journalism along with that of
the mass media has undergone profound changes over the last 2 decades with the
advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet.
Words ‘journal’ journalism, journalist have
their origin in the French word ‘Journal’ meaning a book and has it’s origin in
turn in the Roman word ’diurnalis, means daily.
Journalism is instant
history, an account of history as it is being made, and journalism is a report
of things as they appear at the moment of writing not a definitive study of a
situation.
Origin of modern western style
journalism may be traced back to the occasional news books of 17th century England
which offered short summaries of events which had no headlines and large type
letters were used. From 1720 onward news and views were kept separate.
Industrial Revolution brought in so many profitable advertisements that news
gradually began to be pushed into the inside pages. Views were expressed more
widely in pamphlets as ‘essays’ like those of Addition and Steele in ‘The Spectator’
To Know more about Journalism watch this video
To Know more about Journalism watch this video
Journalism is a contemporary report of the
changing scene intended to inform readers of what is happening around them. In
the modern times journalism has been turned into a business and an industry.
Function of Journalism
The main function of
journalism is to carry different kinds of advertisements that help it to be
financially viable and politically independent. It’s other function include
reporting local, national and international news and offering interpretation
and opinions into a business venture, the fundamental function remains to sell
readers to advertisers. Besides it aims at educating and entertaining its
readers so that they can participate fully in the affairs of the state and in
the cultural affairs as well.
Types of Journalisms
Ø
Advocacy
Journalism
Ø
Analytic
journalism
Ø
Back
pack journalism
Ø
Broadcast
Journalism
Ø
Comedic
journalism
Ø
Comics journalism
Ø
Community
journalism
Ø
Computational
Journalism
Ø
Data
– driven journalism
Ø
Database
journalism
Ø
Drone
Journalism
Ø
Enterprise journalism
Ø
Freelance
journalist
Ø
Gonzo
Journalism
Ø
Investigative
Journalism
Ø
Immersive
journalism
Ø
Mobile
journalism
Ø
Non-profit
journalism
Ø
Pack
journalism
Ø
Philanthro
journalism
Ø
Photo
journalism
Ø
Scientific
journalism
Ø
Society
reporting
Ø
Sensor
journalism
Ø
Tabloid
journalism
Ø
Yellow
journalism
Role of Press in Journalism
The Press Council of India is a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of
the print media. It is one of he most important bodies that sustain democracy
as it has supreme power in regard to the media to ensure that freedom of speech
is maintained. However it is also empowered to hold hearings on receipt of
complaints and take suitable actions where appropriate. It may either warn or
censure the errant journalist on finding them guilty.
This council is a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing
owner of the newspaper, news agencies, journalist, educationalists, and legal experts
on various subjects.
The press council of India was first setup on 4 July 1966 by the
Parliament to regulate the press in India . The basis at the time was
the Press Council Act 1965 which resulted from the recommendation of the
First Press Commission of India
(1952-1954). The stated objectives were "to help newspapers maintain their
independence" and to "raise the standards" through a code of
conduct, maintaining "high professional standards" and "high
standards of public taste". However, after 1978, the Council functions
under the Press Council Act 1978 which arose from the recommendations of the
Second Press Commission of India (1978) which argued, among other things, for a
"cordial relationship between the government and the press".
The Press Council is a
statutory, quasi-judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press. It
adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and
for violation of the freedom of the press respectively.
Press council is a watch dog of democratic society. Press has a great
social responsibility. Press is investigation of scams. Press is for to
propagate social reforms. Press is for passing information, and also sharing
information.
Journalism and the press
A reliable news service is vital for Dutch society. But political,
economic and technological developments pose risks for the reliability and
independence of the news.
Government policy is therefore
aimed at supporting and protecting a free and diverse press. The government has
no say in the form and content of newspapers, magazines and other products that
roll off the printing press. The press has traditionally been a private arena.
There are no public newspapers.
Policy on journalism and
the press consists of three parts:
The government sets limited
rules regarding journalism and the press. Rules on media concentration, for
example, prevent a publisher’s controlling too much of the market.
The government provides financial support
to the press through the independent Press Promotion Fund.
The government encourages self-regulation
by the press of journalistic practices.
The press
The ‘press’ is made up of
newspaper and magazine publishers, which are independent commercial
enterprises. There is no public press comparable to public broadcasters, which
receive public funding.
Newspapers
There are eight national daily newspapers
with a paid circulation in the Netherlands :
the Algemeen Dagblad, the Financieele Dagblad, NRC Handelsblad, the Nederlands
Dagblad, the Reformatorisch Dagblad, the Telegraaf, Trouw and the Volkskrant.
There are also more than 20 regional daily newspapers. They include Het Parool,
De Stentor, the Dagblad van het Noorden, the Brabants Dagblad, Dagblad De
Limburger and regional editions of the Algemeen Dagblad. Three free newspapers
are also published: Metro, De Pers and Spits.
Local papers
Local papers do not appear every day, but
must be published at least once and at most five times a week. There are more
than 100 local papers in the Netherlands ,
many of them with paid circulation.
Journals of opinion
Journals of opinion analyze
and comment on current affairs at home and abroad. They discuss the
relationship between events and provide background information on the news. The
best-known news magazines are HP/De Tijd, Elsevier, De Groene Amsterdam and Vrij Nederland.
Consumer and trade
magazines
More than 2,000
magazines are published in the Netherlands .
There are more than 1,800 trade magazines alone. There are also a large number
of consumer magazines that tailor their comments on current events to a particular
target group. In doing so, they add to the diversity of the news and
information available in the Netherlands .
Consumer magazines range from Privé (gossip) and FHM (men) to Voetbal
International (football) and Donald Duck and from TrosKompas (television) and
Royalty to Mijn Geheim (‘true confessions’) and Psychologies Magazine. All
publishers of consumer magazines are members of the Consumer Magazines Group
(GPT) of the Dutch Publishers Association.
Role of a press council
in promoting responsible Journalism.
Press
motivating power of the society and it also Emphasizing education. Press
council is work like Opinion builder. It generates debate. If we think about
this council then we can say that this press council to do act like people’s
mouthpiece. Press is like guardian of the rights and liberty of people.
Article 19 (1) clearly
states that rights to freedom of speech and expression is the fundamental right
for every citizen of India .
International human rights law plays a
crucial role in preventing the escalation of hate speech through two clauses.
Article 20 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,
explicitly maintains that any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred
inciting to discrimination, hostility or violence is to be prohibited by law.
Article 19 (3) of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in addition, stipulates
that the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and
impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media and regardless of
frontiers carries special duties and responsibilities and therefore may be
subject to certain restrictions.
Freedom
of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy development. It
helps people at large to know about the undercurrents of the national scenario.
A press council stands
for good, responsible and reliable journalism. It promotes an ethical code for
journalists and investigates complaints about a breach of this code. When
abiding to a press council, media professionals declare their dedication to the
values of objectivity, plurality and democracy.
Press
council of India
has been established to preserve and improve freedom of press on one hand and
on the other hand to maintain and improve the standard of newspaper and new agencies,
The PCI takes care of the press codes and press ethics in the following manner:
Freedom on
information, Freedom of access to information sources
Objectivity,
truthfulness and interpretation of facts
Responsibility to
public and its rights, interest and in relation to national, racial and
religious communities of the nation, the state and to maintain peace.
The obligation to
restrain from bias, unfounded standards and violations of peace Integrity and
independence: the right of reply and correction Maintain professional
confidentiality Consideration for cultural, social or code of ethics of
individual countries or communities
The Press is a great social asset
as it works as a watch dog on various activities and authorities by exercising
it’s role and UNESCO is currently
leading a project in South East Europe and Turkey further promote freedom of
expression and freedom of information out of the strengthening of media
self-regulation mechanisms such as press councils.
Through this project, UNESCO
supports some of the activities of the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina and builds
on its experience for mentoring activities in the region. This press council is
indeed the oldest media self-regulatory body in South East
Europe . Created in 2000 by international organizations and the
country’s associations of journalists, it was reestablished in 2006 by the
owners of the country’s 10 largest media companies. In 2010, the Press Council
broadened its mandate to adapt to the digital era and to apply journalistic
ethical standards also to online media.
Addressing hate speech is a crucial
issue for a multiethnic society such as Bosnia and Herzegovina . As the
effects of such speech have often been amplified by media, the Press Council in
Bosnia and Herzegovina has focused on promoting tolerance and respect in both
online and offline media.
Press codes and Ethics in Journalism
Codes
for ethics of journalists began to be formulated since the early 1920s. In
contemporary times there are more than sixty countries around the world have
drawn up and are enforcing such codes. In some countries they have been
voluntarily drawn up and are imposed by journalists’ bodies whereas some others
they are imposed by governments. Several states enforce such codes which speak
of such high minded principles as objectivity, impartiality, and truthfulness
freedom of information. The Mac
Bridge report states that
all journalists have responsibilities to have their own convictions, but
equally important are their responsibilities to the public. This report spells
out journalists responsibilities.
Contractual responsibility in relation to
their media and internal organization. A social responsibility entailing
obligation to comply with the law.
As per Mac Bridge
Reports there are aim of code and ethics like following.
To protect the consumer readers,
listeners or viewers or the public in general. To protect and inspire the
working journalists’ broadcaster or others directly concerned with gathering
writing processing and presenting of the news and opinions. To guide editors
and others who take full legal responsibility for what is published or
broadcast. To define responsibilities of proprietors shareholders and
governments who are in position of absolute control over any particular form of
mass media communication activities. To deal with issues of advertisers and
others who buy into the services of media.