Journalism: Roll of Press p-15

Press

                 Assignment

                         

       Name: Maheta Arati R.

Class:  M.A.-2

Semester: 4th

Roll No: 2

Paper: 15 Mass Communication & Media Studies

Topic: Journalism: Roll of Press

Guided by: Dr. Dilip Barad

Batch: 2013-15

Year: 2014-15

                                                      What is Journalism?

                        

 Journalism is gathering, processing, and dissemination of news and information related to the news to an audience. The word applies to both the method of inquiring for news and the literary style which is used to disseminate it.

                    The media that Journalism uses very diversely and include content published via newspaper and magazines (print media) television and radio (broadcast) and their digital media version like news websites and applications.

 In contemporary time and in this modern society the news media is the chief purveyor of information and opinion about public affairs.

     The role of journalism along with that of the mass media has undergone profound changes over the last 2 decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet.

    Words ‘journal’ journalism, journalist have their origin in the French word ‘Journal’ meaning a book and has it’s origin in turn in the Roman word ’diurnalis, means daily.

Journalism is instant history, an account of history as it is being made, and journalism is a report of things as they appear at the moment of writing not a definitive study of a situation.

                Origin of modern western style journalism may be traced back to the occasional news books of 17th century England which offered short summaries of events which had no headlines and large type letters were used. From 1720 onward news and views were kept separate. Industrial Revolution brought in so many profitable advertisements that news gradually began to be pushed into the inside pages. Views were expressed more widely in pamphlets as ‘essays’ like those of Addition and Steele in ‘The Spectator’
          To Know more about Journalism watch this video

                   Journalism is a contemporary report of the changing scene intended to inform readers of what is happening around them. In the modern times journalism has been turned into a business and an industry.

                            Function of Journalism

                        The main function of journalism is to carry different kinds of advertisements that help it to be financially viable and politically independent. It’s other function include reporting local, national and international news and offering interpretation and opinions into a business venture, the fundamental function remains to sell readers to advertisers. Besides it aims at educating and entertaining its readers so that they can participate fully in the affairs of the state and in the cultural affairs as well.

                      Types of Journalisms

Ø      Advocacy Journalism

Ø      Analytic journalism

Ø      Back pack journalism

Ø      Broadcast Journalism

Ø      Comedic journalism

Ø      Comics  journalism

Ø      Community journalism

Ø      Computational Journalism

Ø      Data – driven journalism

Ø      Database journalism

Ø      Drone Journalism

Ø      Enterprise journalism

Ø      Freelance journalist

Ø      Gonzo Journalism

Ø      Investigative Journalism

Ø      Immersive journalism

Ø      Mobile journalism

Ø      Non-profit journalism

Ø      Pack journalism

Ø      Philanthro journalism

Ø      Photo journalism

Ø      Scientific journalism

Ø      Society reporting

Ø      Sensor journalism

Ø      Tabloid journalism

Ø      Yellow journalism

                       Role of Press in Journalism

                           The Press Council of India is a statutory body in India that governs the conduct of the print media. It is one of he most important bodies that sustain democracy as it has supreme power in regard to the media to ensure that freedom of speech is maintained. However it is also empowered to hold hearings on receipt of complaints and take suitable actions where appropriate. It may either warn or censure the errant journalist on finding them guilty.

             

 This council is a statutory body consisting of 28 members representing owner of the newspaper, news agencies, journalist, educationalists, and legal experts on various subjects.

                    The press council of India was first setup on 4 July 1966 by the Parliament to regulate the press in India. The basis at the time was the Press Council Act 1965 which resulted from the recommendation of the First Press Commission of India (1952-1954). The stated objectives were "to help newspapers maintain their independence" and to "raise the standards" through a code of conduct, maintaining "high professional standards" and "high standards of public taste". However, after 1978, the Council functions under the Press Council Act 1978 which arose from the recommendations of the Second Press Commission of India (1978) which argued, among other things, for a "cordial relationship between the government and the press".

                The Press Council is a statutory, quasi-judicial body which acts as a watchdog of the press. It adjudicates the complaints against and by the press for violation of ethics and for violation of the freedom of the press respectively.

  

           Press council is a watch dog of democratic society. Press has a great social responsibility. Press is investigation of scams. Press is for to propagate social reforms. Press is for passing information, and also sharing information.

        Journalism and the press

      

  A reliable news service is vital for Dutch society. But political, economic and technological developments pose risks for the reliability and independence of the news.

               Government policy is therefore aimed at supporting and protecting a free and diverse press. The government has no say in the form and content of newspapers, magazines and other products that roll off the printing press. The press has traditionally been a private arena. There are no public newspapers.

                    Policy on journalism and the press consists of three parts:

                   The government sets limited rules regarding journalism and the press. Rules on media concentration, for example, prevent a publisher’s controlling too much of the market.

The government provides financial support to the press through the independent Press Promotion Fund.

The government encourages self-regulation by the press of journalistic practices.

The press

                The ‘press’ is made up of newspaper and magazine publishers, which are independent commercial enterprises. There is no public press comparable to public broadcasters, which receive public funding.

Newspapers

There are eight national daily newspapers with a paid circulation in the Netherlands: the Algemeen Dagblad, the Financieele Dagblad, NRC Handelsblad, the Nederlands Dagblad, the Reformatorisch Dagblad, the Telegraaf, Trouw and the Volkskrant. There are also more than 20 regional daily newspapers. They include Het Parool, De Stentor, the Dagblad van het Noorden, the Brabants Dagblad, Dagblad De Limburger and regional editions of the Algemeen Dagblad. Three free newspapers are also published: Metro, De Pers and Spits.

         

     

Local papers

Local papers do not appear every day, but must be published at least once and at most five times a week. There are more than 100 local papers in the Netherlands, many of them with paid circulation.

                Journals of opinion

                       Journals of opinion analyze and comment on current affairs at home and abroad. They discuss the relationship between events and provide background information on the news. The best-known news magazines are HP/De Tijd, Elsevier, De Groene Amsterdam and Vrij Nederland.

 Consumer and trade magazines 

                       More than 2,000 magazines are published in the Netherlands. There are more than 1,800 trade magazines alone. There are also a large number of consumer magazines that tailor their comments on current events to a particular target group. In doing so, they add to the diversity of the news and information available in the Netherlands. Consumer magazines range from Privé (gossip) and FHM (men) to Voetbal International (football) and Donald Duck and from TrosKompas (television) and Royalty to Mijn Geheim (‘true confessions’) and Psychologies Magazine. All publishers of consumer magazines are members of the Consumer Magazines Group (GPT) of the Dutch Publishers Association.

Role of a press council in promoting responsible Journalism.

                

              Press motivating power of the society and it also Emphasizing education. Press council is work like Opinion builder. It generates debate. If we think about this council then we can say that this press council to do act like people’s mouthpiece. Press is like guardian of the rights and liberty of people.

   

                        Article 19 (1) clearly states that rights to freedom of speech and expression is the fundamental right for every citizen of India.

                  International human rights law plays a crucial role in preventing the escalation of hate speech through two clauses. Article 20 (2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, explicitly maintains that any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred inciting to discrimination, hostility or violence is to be prohibited by law. Article 19 (3) of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in addition, stipulates that the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media and regardless of frontiers carries special duties and responsibilities and therefore may be subject to certain restrictions.

         Freedom of press is essential in any democratic society for healthy development. It helps people at large to know about the undercurrents of the national scenario.

                        A press council stands for good, responsible and reliable journalism. It promotes an ethical code for journalists and investigates complaints about a breach of this code. When abiding to a press council, media professionals declare their dedication to the values of objectivity, plurality and democracy.

            Press council of India has been established to preserve and improve freedom of press on one hand and on the other hand to maintain and improve the standard of newspaper and new agencies, The PCI takes care of the press codes and press ethics in the following manner:

Freedom on information, Freedom of access to information sources

Objectivity, truthfulness and interpretation of facts

Responsibility to public and its rights, interest and in relation to national, racial and religious communities of the nation, the state and to maintain peace.

                 The obligation to restrain from bias, unfounded standards and violations of peace Integrity and independence: the right of reply and correction Maintain professional confidentiality Consideration for cultural, social or code of ethics of individual countries or communities

             The Press is a great social asset as it works as a watch dog on various activities and authorities by exercising it’s role and  UNESCO is currently leading a project in South East Europe and Turkey further promote freedom of expression and freedom of information out of the strengthening of media self-regulation mechanisms such as press councils.

                 Through this project, UNESCO supports some of the activities of the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina and builds on its experience for mentoring activities in the region. This press council is indeed the oldest media self-regulatory body in South East Europe. Created in 2000 by international organizations and the country’s associations of journalists, it was reestablished in 2006 by the owners of the country’s 10 largest media companies. In 2010, the Press Council broadened its mandate to adapt to the digital era and to apply journalistic ethical standards also to online media.

           Addressing hate speech is a crucial issue for a multiethnic society such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. As the effects of such speech have often been amplified by media, the Press Council in Bosnia and Herzegovina has focused on promoting tolerance and respect in both online and offline media.

        Press codes and Ethics in Journalism

                                          Codes for ethics of journalists began to be formulated since the early 1920s. In contemporary times there are more than sixty countries around the world have drawn up and are enforcing such codes. In some countries they have been voluntarily drawn up and are imposed by journalists’ bodies whereas some others they are imposed by governments. Several states enforce such codes which speak of such high minded principles as objectivity, impartiality, and truthfulness freedom of information. The Mac Bridge report states that all journalists have responsibilities to have their own convictions, but equally important are their responsibilities to the public. This report spells out journalists responsibilities.

                          Contractual responsibility in relation to their media and internal organization. A social responsibility entailing obligation to comply with the law.  

     As per Mac Bridge Reports there are aim of code and ethics like following.

               To protect the consumer readers, listeners or viewers or the public in general. To protect and inspire the working journalists’ broadcaster or others directly concerned with gathering writing processing and presenting of the news and opinions. To guide editors and others who take full legal responsibility for what is published or broadcast. To define responsibilities of proprietors shareholders and governments who are in position of absolute control over any particular form of mass media communication activities. To deal with issues of advertisers and others who buy into the services of media. 

Themes, motifs,and Symbols in waiting for the Barbarians p-14

                                       Assignment

                         Name: Maheta Arati R.

                Class:  M.A.-2

               Semester: 4th

               Roll No: 2

             Paper: 14 The African Literature

             Topic: Themes, motifs and symbols in Waiting for the                                     Barbarians.

           Guided by: Dr. Dilip Barad

        Batch: 2013-15

         Year: 2014-15

                                   Some important things about Writer and Book

 He was born on 9 February 1940.he is Novelist, essayist, literary critic, linguist and also translator. He got Booker prize in 1983 & 1995 and Prix Femina Etranger in 1985 and Nobel Prize in Literature in 2003.

 Waiting for the Barbarians is a novel by South African writer J.M. Coetzee.  Story of the book is narrated in the First person by unnamed magistrate of small colonial town that exist as the territorial frontier of the empire. The Magistrate’s rather peaceful existence comes to an end with the Empire’s declaration of a State of emergency and with the Deployment of the 3^rd Bureau Special force of the empire due to rumors that the area’s residential people who called according to them ‘’ barbarians’’ by the colonists might be preparing to attack the town so Sinister Colonel Joll who was like leader and so Third Bureau captures some Barbarians, then they brings them back to town and they torture them, kills some of them and then leaves for the capital in order to prepare a large campaign.

                                  At that time the Magistrate questioned the legitimacy of imperialism and he personally nurses a barbarian girls. She was left crippled and partly blinded by the Third Bureau’s torture. Magistrate has an intimate although uncertain relation ship with that barbarian girl. Then Magistrate decides to take that girl to her people.  After a dangerous trip through the barren land, during which they have sex, and finally he succeed in returning to her then he finally asking her to stay with him and he returned to his own town. Then other soldier comes to know about him and they punished him and story goes on

                             Themes

                The theme of a story is what the author is trying to convey, in other words, the central idea of the story. Short stories often have just one theme, whereas novels usually have multiple themes.

             

                Themes in waiting for the Barbarians.

Dream: ‘’ From horizon to horizon the earth is white with snow. It falls from sky in which the source of light is diffuse and everywhere present, as though the sun has dissolved into mist become an aura. In the dream I pass the barracks gate, pass the bare flagpole. The square extends before me. Blending at its edges into the luminous sky. Walls trees, houses have dwindled lost their solidity, retired over the rim of the world.’’ -The Magistrate’s dream

An exploration of an  idea of barbarism:

When we see or read poem by Cavafy we come to know about the poem that the poem is explores the necessity of the “other” to the function and exercise of imperial power. In it a town awaits the arrival of the barbarians, and in its final lines the people are not unsettled by the barbarians’ arrival, but another menace:

Because night is here but the barbarians have not come.

And some people arrived from the borders,

and said that there are no longer any barbarians.

And now what shall become of us without any barbarians?

Those people were some kind of solution.

            Coetzee uses his great skill to underline the irony in these final lines. The barbarians those menaces the towns are never seen, the “absurd prisoners” brought back by the Third Bureau are abject and ridiculous. We are never brought face to face with the enemy, who is able to evade the Empire’s reach. The people’s need for the barbarian is palpable. It culminates in the frenzied scene in which the people step forward from the crowd to partake in the punishment and humiliation of the barbarian men. The actual prisoners never do correspond to the imagined menace, though this menace is real enough by the novel’s end. Together the Empire and the people have created a barbarian that is a real enough threat to the town’s survival, but this enemy evades even Coetzee’s reach and can never be pinned down.

             Theme of Colonialism: we can see theme of colonialism in this novel that how the people of empire torture to the people who were the actually owner of the land who were barbarians according to the Third bureau. And so it becomes most important theme in this novel.

      

  Power: We can see the themes like Power in this novel because when we read the novel we get sympathy with the people who were barbarians according to other people who ruled over them the people were tortured and killed by the empire’s people the third bureau were wants to ruled over the people and they wants to control

           The Magistrate has power over the soldiers and civilians, and the Colonel has power over the Magistrate, as with any hierarchy. In this story, power is authority, maybe granted by a higher authority figure, but also a subconscious power, like the girl has over the Magistrate.

  Torture:    torture was used on the “barbarians and also on the Magistrate. But the Empire did not even know who was who where the frontier was concerned. Colonel Joll interrogated the old man and his grandson in the beginning of the book using torture. Then he captured barbarians who were really just fishermen and nomads. He claims to have gained useful information on the dangerous barbarians using these techniques, and that the people he captured admitted to being barbarians and gave up info on their people. The last group of prisoners in the book, it was not even clear if these people were barbarian. Or not?

                          Motifs in the Novel

What is meaning of the Motif?

           The literary device ‘motif’ is any element, subject, idea or concept that is constantly present through the entire body of literature. Using a motif refers to the repetition of a specific theme dominating the literary work. Motifs are very noticeable and play a significant role in defining the nature of the story, the course of events and the very fabric of the literary piece.

                   This novel is rich in symbol and meaning. Among them the movement of the seasons, the time of nature, set in pointed opposition to the time of human history. The novel begins in late summer, at a time of harvest and bounty and ends at the verge of winter, and the end of civilization as known by the town’s inhabitants. Even in the very beginning the oblivion that threatens is introduced in a dream motif, which anticipates the novels final pages as well as the barbarian girl. in striking contrast to the Magistrates unsparing and wry narrative, the dreams are the novel’s most stunning prose, recreating with authenticity the language and sublime images of a sleeping but lucid mind, and evoking both primal terror and pleasure

             We can see that in a recurring dream the Magistrate enters the town square in winter, where a kneeling girl, her face obscured, is working on a snow castle. Sitting with other children, they melt away upon the Magistrates approach. Unable to see her or even imagine her face, she is a living contrast to the stark white austerity of the empty square.

              It is also in an empty square that the Magistrate first encounters the kneeling barbarian girl, the north wind bringing with it the first hint of winter. The dream motif weaves its way through the Magistrates narrative. In it the snow blankets the familiar world like a shroud, containing just the smallest hint of a latent fertility. Struggling to glimpse the face beneath the hood he encounters instead the face of an embryo or tiny whale, as white as the snow itself.

       We can see when we read the novels that As the dream progresses he is disturbed to find the fort or square the girl is building is empty of life, only the girl, who he glimpses in a moment of clarity, relieves the dream of its desolation. In his brief glimpse of her face her eyes shine and she smiles. The dream sharpens in the next sequence and he sees her clearly, a gold thread woven through her hair, wearing a blue robe, the snow castle transformed into a clay oven. The girl is baking live-giving bread, but the dream ends before the Magistrate can accept or taste it, and his is never able to renter the dream at this point. Instead, the final winter dream is a mere collision with the girl, which echoes his collision with a woman in the night; his clarity has already begun to fade. In the novel’s final paragraph the dream and its insights have been wholly effaced by the reality of winter, it is not a dream but real children, building a snowman as they await their destiny, who have replaced the girl and the enigma she represents.

 

Symbols

            Symbol is an object that represents, stands for or suggests an idea, visual image, belief or material entity. Symbols take the form of words, sounds, gesture or visual images and are used to convey idea and beliefs.

     

The empire: The empires represent power that doesn't require that

Those who serve it love others but merely perform duties.

Barbarians Tribes: According to rumors barbarian tribes have been arming and the empire would have to employ measures to prevent war.

Square: the square can be seen from the Magistrate’s window. And he can see prisoners arriving from there

Third Bureau: The third Bureau is described as an unsleeping guardian of the Empire being an investigative agency.

  So there are many things by which we can say that this novel is full of themes, and symbols